1 of 7 / Overview

What are neurodevelopmental disorders and learning differences?

They are conditions that affect brain development and result in challenges with learning, communication, behavior, motor skills, or social interaction. Examples include dyslexia, ADHD, autism, and speech/language disorders.

Are these lifelong conditions?

Many are lifelong, but with early intervention and support, children can make significant progress and thrive academically and socially.

Are learning differences the same as learning disabilities?

Not always. “Learning differences” is a broader, more inclusive term that acknowledges strengths and variability, whereas “learning disabilities” refers to clinical diagnoses like Specific Learning Disorder.

Can children have more than one diagnosis?

Yes—many children are twice-exceptional (2e) or have co-occurring conditions such as ADHD and dyslexia or language disorders and autism.

Overview Learn by Diagnosis Category

2 of 7 / Signs & Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms Learn by Diagnosis Category

What are early signs of a neurodevelopmental disorder?

Common signs include delayed speech, difficulty following directions, trouble with reading/writing/math, lack of social engagement, poor coordination, or behavioral outbursts.

When should I be concerned about speech or motor delays?

If your child isn’t meeting developmental milestones like talking by 18–24 months or walking by 15 months, it’s a good idea to seek evaluation.

My child is gifted but struggles in school—why?

They may be twice-exceptional (2e)—both gifted and living with a learning disorder such as dysgraphia, ADHD, or language processing disorder.

Can learning differences show up later in childhood?

Yes. While many signs appear in preschool, academic struggles often intensify as demands increase in 2nd–5th grade.

3 of 7 / Causes & Risks

What causes neurodevelopmental disorders?

They can be due to a mix of genetics, brain development, birth complications, environmental exposures, or unknown factors.

Do vaccines or parenting styles cause these disorders?

No. There is no scientific evidence that vaccines or parenting styles cause neurodevelopmental differences.

Are these conditions hereditary?

Many, such as dyslexia and ADHD, have a strong genetic link. If a parent has a history of learning challenges, their child may too.

Can prenatal or birth complications lead to these disorders?

Yes. Premature birth, low birth weight, or oxygen deprivation at birth can increase the risk for conditions like intellectual disability or language delays.

Causes and Risks Learn by Diagnosis Category

4 of 7 / Diagnosis & tests

Diagnosis and Tests Learn by Diagnosis Category

Who diagnoses neurodevelopmental or learning disorders?

Depending on the condition, diagnosis may involve a pediatrician, psychologist, speech-language pathologist, occupational therapist, or developmental specialist.

What tests are used for diagnosis?

Tests may include:

  • Cognitive or IQ testing (e.g., WISC-V)
  • Academic assessments
  • Speech and language evaluations
  • Sensory/motor screenings
  • Behavioral observations

Is a school evaluation enough?

Schools can screen and identify needs but medical or private assessments provide a more detailed, formal diagnosis.

When is the best time to test my child?

Early intervention is key. Evaluations can start as early as age 2–3, especially for speech, motor, and social development delays.

5 of 7 / Care & treatment

What therapies are most helpful?

That depends on the diagnosis. Common supports include:

  • Speech-language therapy for speech, language, and social communication
  • Occupational therapy for sensory processing, fine motor skills, and self-regulation
  • Physical therapy for gross motor development
  • Educational therapy or tutoring for academic support

Can these conditions be cured?

Most are not curable, but with therapy and accommodations, children can gain vital skills and succeed academically and socially.

What is an IEP or 504 Plan?

They are school-based support plans for students with disabilities to receive special education or accommodations.

Can DrSensory help me find therapists?

Yes! Use our national therapist directory to find PTs, OTs, and SLPs experienced in neurodevelopmental disorders.

👉 Find a Therapist Now →

Care and Treatment Learn by Diagnosis Category

6 of 7 / Living With

Living With Learn by Diagnosis Category

Will my child be able to go to college or live independently?

Many do! With the right support, children with learning differences grow into successful, independent adults.

How can I support my child at home?

Consistency, visual schedules, sensory tools, emotional coaching, and celebrating strengths can make a big difference.

How do I talk to my child about their diagnosis?

Use age-appropriate language, focus on strengths + needs, and frame the diagnosis as a tool for understanding and growth.

Can I connect with other families like mine?

Yes! We’re building a community network of families, therapists, and educators who understand what you’re going through.

👉 Join the DrSensory Community Newsletter →

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